These electrical stimulation devices deliver shocks through electrodes attached to the skin in an attempt to condition people to stop hurting themselves or being aggressive.
However, there is evidence that the devices are associated with a number of significant physical and mental health risks. These risks include: depression, anxiety, worsening of self-injury behaviors and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, pain, burns, tissue damage and unintended shocks from device malfunctions, the FDA said.
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